Virtughan is a initiative that emphasizes efficient on-the-fly tile computation for satellite imagery using open-source tools. By leveraging Cloud Optimized GeoTIFFs (COGs) with Sentinel-2 imagery, it enables real-time calculations at various zoom levels without the need for pre-processing or extensive storage. This approach highlights how scalable and efficient computation can be achieved even with limited hardware resources. Additionally, Virtughan introduces the concept of virtual data cubes, where the focus is on computation rather than storage. By stacking and processing images over time, data cube systems can perform analyses across multiple layers without duplicating original data. The integration of COGs, the SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC) API, and NumPy arrays allows for improved access and processing of large Earth observation datasets. This method ensures optimal resolution, fast performance, and minimal server overhead, making it easier to handle and analyze extensive datasets quickly and efficiently.

Nepal, located in a seismically active zone, is highly prone to earthquakes due to the ongoing collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. This region, home to the Himalayas and Mount Everest, has experienced numerous earthquakes over the years, including a significant one in April 2015. Recently, a magnitude 5.7 earthquake struck the Bajhang District, causing casualties and extensive property damage. This event, along with several others in close succession, has sparked interest in studying terrain displacement caused by tectonic movements. The study employs the SNAP tool and SNAPHU plugin developed by ESA to analyze this displacement, with detailed methodology and results provided in subsequent sections.

Nepal experienced increased rainfall in recent years, leading to floods even in traditionally low-precipitation areas. To understand and predict these floods, this project focused on the Bagmati River, a major cause of urban flooding in Kathmandu during monsoons. By developing and validating a runoff model using precipitation sensor data and river water level measurements, the research aimed to accurately simulate hydrological dynamics. The model, built on the GAMA platform, was tested against observed data and various rainfall scenarios. Despite limitations like low-resolution data and simplified assumptions, this study aimed to improve our understanding of flood dynamics and predictive capabilities through an agent-based modeling approach.

A Geoportal is a national level platform developed by the Survey Department of Nepal. It is a web-based gateway to integrate and distribute geographic resources, particularly spatial datasets. Team at Naxa developed a GIS-based geoportal for the NGIID Survey Department so that all major departments within the survey department could upload, store, and manage geospatial datasets produced by their department. There are few Geoportals developed by the Government of Nepal. However, the existing platforms are in different systems. Thus, there was a realization regarding the development of a one-stop service delivery system with better data security measures and options to view as well as purchase geospatial datasets. Any general citizens and organizations who need geospatial datasets can visit the national geoportal and purchase necessary datasets making payments online.

The following were the major activities:

• Created graphical design mockups for both backend app and frontend user interface.
• Developed a web-based geodata geoportal for the process of sharing and dissemination of geographical data collected by various divisions under the survey department.
• Login modules for different departments under the department of Survey so that each department could log in and upload the spatial datasets generated by their department.
• An interactive web map to visualize administrative datasets and topographical datasets prepared by the department.
• Add to cart module that allows general citizens and web app users to select the datasets of their interest, download and purchase them through online payment systems.